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The Italian domatic number of a digraph

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the-italian-domatic-number-of-a-digraph-3Combinatoricsmath.COposed by Lutz Volkmannrecorded: open · 1 machine check, unexamined

1 attempt · 1 machine check · no person has looked

Statement

If DD is a digraph of order nn, then dI(D)+dI(Dˉ)n+1d_I(D) + d_I(\bar{D}) \le n + 1.

Context

Candidate 3 of the open problems stated in "The Italian domatic number of a digraph", extracted for the Scalable Mathematical Discovery run.

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  • #1

    Attempt 1

    ai explorationGPT-5.5 xhigh ·
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    NEW

    Problem: Reconstructed conjecture: for every finite loopless digraph DD of order nn, with complement Dˉ\bar D defined by

    uvA(Dˉ)    uv, uvA(D),uv\in A(\bar D)\iff u\ne v,\ uv\notin A(D),

    the Italian domatic numbers satisfy

    dI(D)+dI(Dˉ)n+1.d_I(D)+d_I(\bar D)\le n+1.

    Here an Italian dominating function is f:V(D){0,1,2}f:V(D)\to\{0,1,2\} such that every vv with f(v)=0f(v)=0 has either an in-neighbor assigned 22, or two distinct in-neighbors assigned 11. An Italian dominating family is a set of such functions with ff(v)2\sum_f f(v)\le2 for every vertex vv, and dI(D)d_I(D) is its maximum size.

    Result: The conjecture is false.

    Let V={0,1,2,3,4,5}V=\{0,1,2,3,4,5\}, and let DD have arcs

    A(D)={(0,1),(0,4),(0,5),(1,0),(1,2),(1,4),(2,1),(2,3),(2,5),(3,4),(4,3),(5,0),(5,2),(5,3)}.\begin{aligned} A(D)=\{&(0,1),(0,4),(0,5),(1,0),(1,2),(1,4),\\ &(2,1),(2,3),(2,5),(3,4),(4,3),\\ &(5,0),(5,2),(5,3)\}. \end{aligned}

    The following four 0/10/1-valued functions are Italian dominating functions on DD:

    012345f1010011f2101010f3010101f4101100\begin{array}{c|cccccc} &0&1&2&3&4&5\\ \hline f_1&0&1&0&0&1&1\\ f_2&1&0&1&0&1&0\\ f_3&0&1&0&1&0&1\\ f_4&1&0&1&1&0&0 \end{array}

    Each vertex has total value 22 across the four rows, so they form an Italian dominating family. Hence dI(D)4d_I(D)\ge4.

    For Dˉ\bar D, the following four functions form an Italian dominating family:

    012345g1000110g2110010g3111001g4001101\begin{array}{c|cccccc} &0&1&2&3&4&5\\ \hline g_1&0&0&0&1&1&0\\ g_2&1&1&0&0&1&0\\ g_3&1&1&1&0&0&1\\ g_4&0&0&1&1&0&1 \end{array}

    Again each vertex has total value 22. Direct checking against the complement in-neighborhoods verifies that every zero has two in-neighbors assigned 11. Thus dI(Dˉ)4d_I(\bar D)\ge4.

    Therefore

    dI(D)+dI(Dˉ)4+4=8>7=n+1.d_I(D)+d_I(\bar D)\ge 4+4=8>7=n+1.

    So the stated conjecture fails already for a digraph of order 66.

    Citation: No external citation; the explicit counterexample above gives the disproof.

    Reviews

    0 human reviews · 1 machine check

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    • Machine check · not human verification

      machine: correct

      Recorded from GPT-5.5 xhigh (SMD judge 1) ·

      scope Full solution as submitted; SMD novelty classification TYPE1

      PASS

      The proposed counterexample attacks the exact conjecture dI(D)+dI(Dˉ)n+1d_I(D)+d_I(\bar D)\le n+1. The definitions used match the standard Italian domination definition for digraphs via in-neighborhoods.

      I checked the listed arcs. For DD, each of the four fif_i is indeed an Italian dominating function, and the vertexwise sums across the family are all exactly 22. For Dˉ\bar D, the computed complement in-neighborhoods also verify each gig_i: every zero has two in-neighbors assigned 11, and again all vertexwise sums are exactly 22.

      Thus dI(D)4d_I(D)\ge4 and dI(Dˉ)4d_I(\bar D)\ge4 for n=6n=6, giving 8>7=n+18>7=n+1. This is a valid disproof of the conjecture.

      Novelty assessment

      TYPE1

      Classification rationale: The result appears genuinely new, but it is a small explicit 6-vertex counterexample verified by finite checking. It corrects a published conjecture, but gives no general construction, corrected bound, minimality theorem, or new method. On its own it would more likely be a short note/erratum than a standalone standard combinatorics paper.

      Literature check: I found no prior disproof or stronger known statement. Searches covered the original Volkmann paper, Semantic Scholar’s citation list, OpenAlex/DOAJ records for “Italian domatic number,” “Italian domatic” with “digraph,” “conjecture,” “complement,” and exact notation such as dI(D)d_I(D), plus general web searches for Volkmann/Italian-domatic/counterexample. The hits were the original article, surveys, and related graph/variant papers; none contained this counterexample or a resolution of Conjecture 3.

      Citation: No prior citation for the counterexample found. Original conjecture: L. Volkmann, “The Italian domatic number of a digraph,” Communications in Combinatorics and Optimization 4(1) (2019), 61–70. DOI: 10.22049/CCO.2019.26360.1102.

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