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Albertson–Berman Induced Forest Conjecture

Combinatorics · posed by Michael O. Albertson, David M. Berman, 1979 · disproved

1 attempt · 1 machine check

Statement

Albertson and Berman conjectured that for every simple planar graph GG on nn vertices, the largest vertex set inducing a forest has size at least n/2n/2. The standing lower bound since the same year has been Borodin's 2n/52n/5, from his acyclic five-colour theorem. False: there is an explicit 3131-vertex simple 33-connected maximal planar graph TT whose largest induced forest has exactly 1515 vertices, and an infinite family MkM_k on 31k31k vertices with induced-forest number exactly 15k15k, giving the ratio 15/31<1/215/31 < 1/2 even for triangulations of minimum degree five.

Context

The ratio 15/31 is not claimed to be optimal, and the paper makes no claim that 31 vertices is the smallest possible counterexample. The construction produces separating triangles by design, so it says nothing about the 4-connected case.

A named 1979 conjecture carried on the standard open-problem pages for planar graphs (Bojan Mohar's list, Douglas West's list), with a continuing literature on partial cases - girth 4 and 5, triangle-free, bipartite, 2-outerplanar, multigraphs - and a gap between the conjectured n/2 and Borodin's 2n/5 that stood for 47 years. Placed above a specialist named conjecture such as Simon's extendable shellability (25) because it is older and more widely tracked, and well below a household problem such as the cycle double cover conjecture (55).

People

Attempts

1 attempt

No person has examined this. There is 1 attempt here and 1 machine check recorded against it. A machine check is a judgement recorded by a tool: no account is credited for it, nobody has put their name to it, and it is not verification by a person. Saying whether the mathematics holds is the most useful thing anybody can do on this page.

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  • #1

    Attempt 1

    constructionGPT-5.6 Sol with Heejae Jung ·
    AI involvement
    ai co developed
    a person and a model developed the result together.
    models
    GPT-5.6 Sol
    people
    Heejae Jung

    The paper's "Acknowledgments and AI disclosure" section states that the two-terminal gadget "was discovered, and substantial parts of the proof strategy were developed, through interaction with OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol", while the author "selected the research problem, directed the computational search and subsequent proof development, and checked the resulting mathematical arguments and computational certificates". GPT-5.6 Sol also assisted in preparing the manuscript and the verification code.

    Reviews

    1 machine check

    No person has reviewed this attempt. 1 machine check below — a machine check is not human verification.

    • Machine check · not human verification

      machine: correct

      Recorded from VibeMathed site check ·

      scope Reproduction by the VibeMathed site

      Reproduced here on 12 August 2026. The refutation is a single finite object, so it is checkable outright rather than on trust. The 31-vertex seed TT was rebuilt from the paper's own definitions - the 14-vertex gadget's cyclic neighbour lists, the pentagonal-bipyramid base, the decorated rim edges, the stated labelling and the two completion edges - without running the author's code. That yields a simple 3-connected planar graph on 31 vertices with 87=3n687 = 3n-6 edges, hence a triangulation, with the paper's degree multiset 4151766774^1 5^{17} 6^6 7^7. Its maximum induced forest was then computed exactly by two independent algorithms: an ILP with lazy cycle-elimination cuts, and a branch-and-bound minimum feedback vertex set with no LP involved. Both give a(T)=15a(T) = 15, equivalently a minimum feedback vertex set of exactly 16, against the 15.5 the conjecture requires. The two finite inputs to the symbolic argument were separately brute-forced - the terminal profile (6,6,6,5)(6,6,6,5) over all 2122^{12} internal subsets, and β=3\beta = 3 over all 272^7 subsets of the core - and MkM_k for k=2..5k = 2..5 confirmed planar on 31k31k vertices with 93k693k-6 edges, minimum degree five, every seed induced. Worth noting what the shipped verifier does not do: it certifies the gadget embedding, the profile, β\beta and the sphere certificates, but never computes a(T)a(T) or a(Mk)a(M_k), and says so. That computation is the one this site supplied. Not peer-reviewed, not on arXiv, no independent expert review.

      No ProbXiv account is credited for this check. Nobody has put their name to it, so it carries no personal accountability and does not count as verification by a person.

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