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Finite field Kakeya and Nikodym sets in three dimensions

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finite-field-kakeya-and-nikodym-sets-in-three-dimensions-3Number Theorymath.COmath.NTposed by Ben Lund, Shubhangi Saraf, Charles Wolfrecorded: open · 1 machine check, unexamined

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Statement

Let ϵ>0\epsilon > 0 be any constant and let qq be a sufficiently large prime power. Let LL be a set of at least q5/2+ϵq^{5/2+\epsilon} lines in Fq3\mathbb{F}_q^3 such that no plane contains more than (1/2)q3/2(1/2)q^{3/2} lines of LL. Then, P(L)(1o(1))q3|P(L)| \ge (1-o(1))q^3.

Context

Candidate 3 of the open problems stated in "Finite field Kakeya and Nikodym sets in three dimensions", extracted for the Scalable Mathematical Discovery run.

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  • #1

    Attempt 1

    ai explorationGPT-5.5 xhigh ·
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    Shengtong Zhang

    NEW

    Problem: Reconstructed statement: for every fixed ϵ>0\epsilon>0, all sufficiently large prime powers qq, and every set LL of affine lines in Fq3\mathbb F_q^3 with

    Lq5/2+ϵand{L:π}12q3/2|L|\ge q^{5/2+\epsilon} \quad\text{and}\quad |\{\ell\in L:\ell\subset \pi\}|\le \tfrac12 q^{3/2}

    for every affine plane π\pi, the union P(L)=LP(L)=\bigcup_{\ell\in L}\ell satisfies

    P(L)(1o(1))q3.|P(L)|\ge (1-o(1))q^3 .

    This is the literal Conjecture 5 stated in the input.

    Result: The conjecture is false. In fact, for every fixed 0<ϵ<1/20<\epsilon<1/2 and infinitely many qq, there are such line sets whose union has asymptotic density 1/21/2.

    Let qq be odd and let δFq×\delta\in\mathbb F_q^\times be a nonsquare. Consider the elliptic paraboloid

    S={(a,b,a2δb2):a,bFq}.S=\{(a,b,a^2-\delta b^2):a,b\in\mathbb F_q\}.

    For p=(a,b,a2δb2)Sp=(a,b,a^2-\delta b^2)\in S and [u:v]P1(Fq)[u:v]\in\mathbb P^1(\mathbb F_q), the tangent line at pp in projected direction [u:v][u:v] is

    a,b,u,v={(a+tu, b+tv, a2δb2+2t(auδbv)):tFq}.\ell_{a,b,u,v} =\{(a+tu,\ b+tv,\ a^2-\delta b^2+2t(au-\delta bv)):t\in\mathbb F_q\}.

    Since δ\delta is nonsquare, u2δv20u^2-\delta v^2\neq0 for every [u:v][u:v]. Let LL be the set of those tangent lines with u2δv2u^2-\delta v^2 a square.

    Among the q+1q+1 directions [u:v][u:v], exactly (q+1)/2(q+1)/2 have u2δv2u^2-\delta v^2 square, so

    L=q2q+12.|L|=q^2\frac{q+1}{2}.

    Thus Lq5/2+ϵ|L|\ge q^{5/2+\epsilon} for every fixed ϵ<1/2\epsilon<1/2 and all sufficiently large odd qq.

    No affine plane contains too many of these lines. Indeed, a plane intersects SS in at most q+1q+1 points, except that if it is tangent at some pp, it contains only that point of SS but may contain all selected tangent directions at pp, namely (q+1)/2(q+1)/2 lines. Hence every plane contains at most q+1q+1 lines of LL, which is <12q3/2<\tfrac12 q^{3/2} for all sufficiently large qq.

    Now define

    Q(x,y,z)=x2δy2z.Q(x,y,z)=x^2-\delta y^2-z.

    For a point on a,b,u,v\ell_{a,b,u,v} with parameter tt,

    Q=t2(u2δv2),Q=t^2(u^2-\delta v^2),

    so QQ is either 00 or a square. Conversely, if Q(x,y,z)=r2Q(x,y,z)=r^2, then the direction [1:0][1:0] line tangent at

    (xr, y, (xr)2δy2)(x-r,\ y,\ (x-r)^2-\delta y^2)

    contains (x,y,z)(x,y,z). Therefore

    P(L)={(x,y,z):Q(x,y,z){0}(Fq×)2}.P(L)=\{(x,y,z): Q(x,y,z)\in \{0\}\cup(\mathbb F_q^\times)^2\}.

    For each pair (x,y)(x,y), exactly (q+1)/2(q+1)/2 choices of zz satisfy this. Hence

    P(L)=q2q+12=(12+o(1))q3,|P(L)|=q^2\frac{q+1}{2} =\left(\frac12+o(1)\right)q^3,

    not (1o(1))q3(1-o(1))q^3. This disproves the conjecture.

    Citation: No prior resolution is used here. The conjecture is from Lund–Saraf–Wolf, “Finite field Kakeya and Nikodym sets in three dimensions,” SIAM J. Discrete Math. 32 (2018), arXiv:1609.01048.

    Attachments

    • Curated solution (PDF) — not hosted yetpdf

    Reviews

    0 human reviews · 1 machine check

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    • Machine check · not human verification

      machine: correct

      Recorded from GPT-5.5 xhigh (SMD judge 1) ·

      scope Full solution as submitted; SMD novelty classification KNOWN

      PASS

      The solution attacks the exact conjecture and gives a valid counterexample for any fixed 0<ϵ<1/20<\epsilon<1/2 along all large odd qq. The tangent-line construction has

      L=q2(q+1)/2q5/2+ϵ,|L|=q^2(q+1)/2\ge q^{5/2+\epsilon},

      while every affine plane contains at most q+1=o(q3/2)q+1=o(q^{3/2}) of the selected lines, so the plane condition is satisfied.

      The union computation is correct: along each selected tangent line,

      Q=x2δy2zQ=x^2-\delta y^2-z

      takes only values 00 or nonzero squares, and conversely every point with QQ square/zero lies on a selected tangent line. Hence

      P(L)=q2q+12=(1/2+o(1))q3,|P(L)|=q^2\frac{q+1}{2}=(1/2+o(1))q^3,

      contradicting the conjectured (1o(1))q3(1-o(1))q^3. I found no fatal gap or mismatch with the stated conjecture.

      Novelty assessment

      KNOWN

      Classification rationale: The counterexample is an affine translation of a standard finite-geometry construction: tangent lines to an elliptic quadric/paraboloid over Fq\mathbb F_q, split into the two quadratic-character tangent classes. One tangent class covers precisely the square-value side of the associated quadratic form, giving the same asymptotic half-density union and the same small plane intersections. Thus the construction is not genuinely new, even if it may not have been explicitly advertised as a disproof of Lund–Saraf–Wolf Conjecture 5.

      Literature check: I checked the original Lund–Saraf–Wolf paper and its citation graph, including later finite-field Kakeya/Nikodym papers, and found no explicit statement “Conjecture 5 is false.” However, searches around elliptic quadrics, tangent lines, Cameron–Liebler line classes, and finite-field paraboloid tangent constructions led to the classical Bruen–Drudge construction. Their elliptic-quadric tangent-line partition is essentially the projective version of the prover’s construction; deleting the point/lines at infinity gives exactly the affine counterexample.

      Citation: A. A. Bruen and K. Drudge, “The construction of Cameron–Liebler line classes in PG(3,q)\mathrm{PG}(3,q),” Finite Fields and Their Applications 5(1):35–45, 1999. Also: B. Lund, S. Saraf, C. Wolf, “Finite field Kakeya and Nikodym sets in three dimensions,” SIAM J. Discrete Math. 32 (2018), 2836–2849.

      No ProbXiv account is credited for this check. Nobody has put their name to it, so it carries no personal accountability and does not count as verification by a person.

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